Diagnosis and treatment of canine testicular tumors

Kod pasa starije životne dobi koji nisu kastrirani vrlo je česta dijagnoza tumor testisa. Također, kriptorhidi predstavljaju skupinu, koja je posebno predisponirana za razvoj tumora i to u mlađoj životnoj dobi. Naime, kako testisi prilikom spuštanja iz abdomena u mošnje, zaostanu u abdomenu ili u ingvinalnom kanalu, takvi testisi su izloženi nefiziološkoj temperaturi. Dakle, previsoka temperatura onemogućava pravilnu spermiogenezu i spermatogenezu te su vrlo česte mutacije samih stanica i razvoj tumora. Patofiziologija tumora nije do kraja razjašnjena, ali znamo da je korijen problema poremećaj genetskog mehanizma koji dovodi do pretjeranog umnažanja stanica i bujanja tkiva koje karakterizira tumorsku tvorbu. Najčešće vlasnici primijete abnormalnosti u veličini testisa ili čak promjene u ponašanju životinje. U drugim slučajevima, prilikom posjeta veterinaru, on napravi palpaciju testisa te utvrdi abnormalnosti. Kada je postavljena sumnja na neoplaziju, potrebno je istu i dokazati. Obavljamo opći klinički pregled, analizu krvi, rektalnu pretragu te je dobro učiniti i ultrazvuk testisa. Ako postoje indikacije treba obaviti rendgen, CT pretragu te magnetnu rezonancu. Nakon toga, ako se ne radi o rasplodnjaku, obavlja se kirurška metoda, odnosno kastracija psa. Uputno je nakon odstranjivanja testisa poslati ih na patohistološku pretragu kako bi se utvrdio tip tumora te stupanj njegova razvoja. Moguće je da je početni tumor razvio metastaze, koje su najčešće regionalne, ali obavezno treba utvrditi jesu li se matestaze razvile i na udaljenim organima kao što su pluća, jetra ili bubrezi. Postoje li metastaze, dalje se liječenje nastavlja konzervativnim metodama, kemoterapijom i zračenjem. Problem je što metastaze ne moraju nastati odmah te biti vidljive prilikom prvog pregleda ili nakon kastracije. U nekim slučajevima metastaze su se razvile i do 8 godina nakon zahvata. Zbog toga je bitno kontrolirati životinju i dalje. Također, u nekim slučajevima pacijent će trebati potpornu terapiju kao što je transfuzija krvi ili antibiotska terapija. Ako je pacijent pas koji je vrijedan u rasplodu, prvi izbor u liječenju predstavljaju upravo nekirurške metode, dakle zračenje, kemoterapija i potporna terapija.In older dogs who are not castrated testicular tumor is frequent diagnosis. Also, cryptorchids represent a group which is especially predisposed to the development of tumors at a younger age. Namely, as the testicles, when descending from the abdomen into the scrotum, remain in the abdomen or in the inguinal canal, such testicles are exposed to non-physiological temperature. Thus, too high a temperature prevents proper spermiogenesis and spermatogenesis, and mutations of the cells themselves and tumor development are very common. The pathophysiology of the tumor has not been fully elucidated, but we know that the root of the problem is a disorder of the genetic mechanism that leads to excessive cell proliferation and tissue proliferation that characterizes tumor formation. Most often, owners notice abnormalities in the size of the testicles or even changes in the behavior of the animal. In other cases, during a visit to the vet, he does a palpation of the testicles and finds abnormalities. When neoplasia is suspected, it is necessary to prove it. We perform a general clinical examination, blood test, rectal examination and it is good to do an ultrasound of the testicles. If there are indications, X-rays, CT scans and magnetic resonance imaging should be performed. After that, if it is not a kennel, a surgical method is performed, ie castration of the dog. It is advisable to send them for pathohistological examination after removal of the testicles to determine the type of tumor and the stage of its development. It is possible that the initial tumor developed metastases, which are usually regional, but it is necessary to determine whether metastases have also developed in distant organs such as the lungs, liver, or kidneys. If there are metastases, further treatment is continued with non-surgical methods, chemotherapy, and radiation. The problem is that metastases do not have to occur immediately and be visible during the first examination or after castration. Also, in some cases, the patient will need supportive therapy such as a blood transfusion or antibiotic therapy. If the patient is a dog that is valuable in breeding, the first choice in treatment is non-surgical methods, ie radiation, chemotherapy and supportive therapy