The association of procrastination with self-esteem, self-efficacy, and some personality factors

Svaki čovjek povremeno odgađa donijeti odluku ili napraviti nešto što želi ili treba napraviti. Odgađanje predstavlja problem kako za pojedinca, tako i za društvo. Dok je dio autora istraživao situacijske uzroke odgađanja poput karakteristike zadatka i odnosa karakteristika zadatka i ljudi, drugi su se autori usmjerili na istraživanje različitih procesa, motiva i osobina koji leže u podlozi odgađanja. Istraživanja su najviše pokazala povezanost odgađanja sa faktorom savjesnosti, a kao značajan prediktor u predviđanju ponašanja i odgađanja odluka u dosadašnim istraživanjima pokazao se i neuroticizam. Samoefikasnost i samopoštovanje su se također pokazali povezane sa odgađanjem. Pri istraživanju odgađanja može se koristiti direktno mjerenje poput mjerenje vremena koje je potrebno da se izvrši neki zadatak i indirektno mjerenje korištenjem skala ili upitnika odgađanja. Jedan od često korištenih upitnika odlaganja je i Tuckmanov upitnik odlaganja koji mjeri namjeru da se aktivnosti odgode ili potpuno izbjegnu. Osim Tuckmanovog upitnika često se koristi i Layeva skala odgađačkog ponašanja. Kako u Hrvatskoj do pisanja ovog diplomskog rada nisu postajala istraživanja odgađanja s Tuckmanovom skalom niti Layovom skalom odgađačkog ponašanja, osnovni cilj ovog rada je prije svega bilo provjeravanje konstruktne valjanosti Tuckmanovog upitnika i Layove skale putem utvrđivanja povezanosti između varijabli za koje teorija smatra da postoji povezanost, odnosno u ovom slučaju s faktorima savjesnosti i neuroticizma (NEO-PI), samoefikasnosti (Schwarzerova skala od 10 čestica), te sa samopoštovanjem mjerenim Rosenbergovom skalom. Autorica je Tuckmanovu skalu prevela sa engleskog jezika, kao i Layovu mjeru odgađačkog ponašanja. Istraživanje je provedeno na 161 studentici Više Medicinske škole u Zagrebu. Pronađena je značajna korelacija odgađanja mjerena s Tuckmanovim upitnikom odgađanja sa samoefikasnošću (r=-0,30), samopoštovanjem (r=-0,38), faktorom neuroticizma (r=0,4) i savjesnosti (r=-0,73) od čega se savjesnost pokazala kao najbolji prediktor u objašnjavanju varijance Tuckmanovog upitnika odgađanja. Facete savjesnosti objašnjavaju 59%varijance odgađanja, a kao značajni prediktori javljaju se facete discipline (β=-0,52) i opreza (β=-0,21). Facete neumjerenosti (β=0,34) i depresije (β=0,28) kod neuroticizma su se također pokazale kao značajan prediktor u objašnjavanju varijance. S Layovom mjerom odgađačkog ponašanja u značajnoj povezanosti je jedino faktor savjesnosti (r= -0,53) koji je ujedno i značajni prediktor odgađačkog ponašanja.All people occasionally delay making a decision or doing something. Procrastination is a widespread phenomenon and is a problem for both the individuals and society. Some authors investigated situational patterns of procrastination such as task characteristics and the relationship of task characteristics and people’ characteristics, while other authors focused on exploring the different processes, motives or traits underlying procrastination. Research has shown that there is connection between procrastination and the conscientiousness factor, and in some previous research neuroticism has been shown to be a significant predictor in predicting procrastination. Self-efficacy and self-esteem have also been shown to be associated with procrastination. Some research of procrastination use direct measures such as measuring the time it takes to complete a task. Others use indirect measures such as scales or questionnaires. One of the frequently used questionnaires is Tuckman’s questionnaire that measures the intent to delay or avoid activities altogether. Another measure is Lay scale of procrastination behaviour. As there were no studies of procrastination with the Tuckman scale or the Lay scale of procrastination behaviour in Croatia until the writing of this thesis, the main goal of this paper was to check the constructive validity of the Tuckman questionnaire and the Lay scale by determining the relationship between variables that the theory considers to be related. We examined the correlation between Tuckman’s questionnaire and Lay scale with factors of conscientiousness and neuroticism (NEO-PI), self-efficacy (Schwarzer scale of 10 particles), and self-esteem measured by the Rosenberg scale. The author translated Tuckman's scale into Croatian, as well as Lay's measure of procrastination. The research was conducted on 161 Medical College students in Zagreb. A significant correlation was found measured by the Tuckman delay questionnaire with self-efficacy (r = -0.30), self-esteem (r = -0.38), neuroticism factor (r = 0.4) and conscientiousness (r = -0.73) of which conscientiousness proved to be the best predictor in explaining the variance of Tuckman’s procrastination questionnaire. Facets of conscientiousness explained 59% of the variance of procrastination, and facets of discipline (β=-0,52) and caution appeared as significant predictors (β=-0,21).. The facet of intemperance (β=0,34) as well as depression (β=0,28) in neuroticism has also been shown to be a significant predictor in explaining variance. With Lay's measure of procrastinating behaviour, only conscientiousness factor proved to be significant (r= -0,53), and also a significant predictor of procrastinating behaviour