Use of dietary supplements in pregnancy

Uvod: V času nosečnosti lahko ustrezna raven mikrohranil bistveno vpliva na izide nosečnosti. Zadostna prehranjenost zagotovi zdravje nosečnice, plodu pa optimalne količine mikrohranil za njegov razvoj. Preprečevanje neugodnih izidov nosečnosti zaradi pomanjkanja mikrohranil z uporabo prehranskih dodatkov predstavlja dobro in učinkovito strategijo. Namen: Namen diplomskega dela je opisati uporabo prehranskih dodatkov v nosečnosti, njihov pomen in vpliv na nosečnost ter predstaviti znanje nosečnic in zdravstvenih delavcev o prehranskih dodatkih in zdravi prehrani ter posebnosti in uporabo prehranskih dodatkov pri nosečnicah z anemijo. Metode dela: V diplomskem delu smo uporabili deskriptivno metodo dela s pregledom literature, ki je bila objavljena od leta 2000 do 2020. Za iskanje literature smo uporabili različne podatkovne baze, kot so diKUL, CINAHL, PubMed in ScienceDirect. Iskanje je potekalo s kombinacijami ključnih besed v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku: »nosečnost/pregnancy«, »nosečnost IN prehranski dodatki/pregnancy AND dietary supplements«, »nosečnost IN prehranski dodatki IN znanje/pregnancy AND dietary supplements AND knowledge«, »nosečnost IN prehranski dodatki IN anemija/pregnancy AND dietary supplements AND anemia«. Rezultati: Pregled literature kaže, da 66 do 97 % žensk med nosečnostjo uporablja prehranske dodatke, le dobra polovica nosečnic pa ima zadostno znanje o zdravi prehrani in prehranskih dodatkih v nosečnosti. Nizka raven znanja zdravstvenih delavcev o prehrani in prehranskih dodatkih je lahko posledica pomanjkanja usposabljanja. Izobraževanje zdravstvenih delavcev je bistveno izboljšalo njihovo znanje. Rutinsko dopolnjevanje s prehranskimi dodatki železa je učinkovito pri nosečnicah z anemijo. Razprava in zaključek: Ker zadosten vnos mikrohranil pri nosečnicah pogosto ni dosežen, je za doseganje zadostnega vnosa vseh potrebnih mikrohranil velikokrat potrebna uporaba prehranskih dodatkov. Dobro znanje o zdravi prehrani pripomore k izboljšanju prehranjevalnih navad nosečnic in zmanjšuje dejavnike tveganja za neugodne izide nosečnosti. Pomembno je tudi ustrezno znanje zdravstvenih delavcev, ki imajo glavno vlogo pri izobraževanju in promociji zdravja. Prehranski dodatki z železom so učinkovita terapija pri nosečnicah z anemijo.Introduction: Adequate micronutrient levels during pregnancy can significantly affect pregnancy outcomes. Adequate nutrition ensures the health of the pregnant woman and provides the fetus with optimal amounts of micronutrients for its development. Preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes due to micronutrient deficiencies through the use of dietary supplements is a good and effective strategy. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to desribe the use of dietary supplements in pregnancy, their importance and impact on pregnancy and to present the knowledge of pregnant women and health professionals about dietary supplements and healthy eating and the specifics and use of dietary supplements in pregnant women with anemia. Methods: In this thesis we used a descriptive method with a review of literature, which was published from 2000 to 2020. We used various databases such as diKUL, CINAHL, PubMed and ScienceDirect to search the literature. The search was conducted with combination of keywords in Slovenian and English: »pregnancy«, »pregnancy AND dietary supplements«, »pregnancy AND dietary supplements AND knowledge«, »pregnancy AND dietary supplements AND anemia«. Results: The review of the literature shows that 66 to 97 % of women use dietary supplements during pregnancy and only a good half of pregnant women have sufficient knowledge about healthy eating and dietary supplements during pregnancy. The low level of knowledge of health professionals about nutrition and dietary supplements may be due to a lack of training. Education of health professionals has significantly improved their knowledge. Routine supplementation with iron supplements is effective in pregnant women with anemia. Discussion and conclusion: Because adequate micronutrient intake in pregnant women is often not achieved, the use of dietary supplements is often necessary to achieve adequate intake of all necessary nutrients. Good knowledge helps to improve the eating habits of pregnant women and reduces risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Adequate knowledge of health professionals, who play a major role in health education and promotion, is also important. Iron supplements are an effective therapy for pregnant women with anemia