Induced mutations as a tool for changing the properties of agricultural plants

Inducirane mutacije so trajne spremembe genetskega materiala, ki se prenašajo od staršev na potomce. Te vključujejo spremembe zaporedja ali števila nukleotidov, števila genov ali kromosomov. Glede na nastanek jih lahko izzovemo s kemijskimi, fizikalnimi ali biološkimi mutagenimi dejavniki. Z raziskovanjem so se razvijale tudi metode, s katerimi lahko načrtno izzovemo različne tipe mutacij. Te metode temeljijo na izbiri želene lastnosti, ki bi določeni kmetijski rastlini prinesla izboljšavo in tako omogočila večji in kakovostnejši pridelek ter boljše odzive glede na biotske in abiotske dejavnike. Mutagena sredstva povečajo variabilnost, ki se nanaša na ciljno lastnost določenega organizma. Postopek same mutageneze je zelo natančno optimiziran in povzroča največje število pozitivnih oziroma želenih mutacij, kar dosežemo z optimalno dozo mutagena in pa postopkom selekcije. Namen diplomske naloge je na osnovi objavljenih raziskav predstaviti postopek mutageneze in različnih lastnosti, ki so doprinesle k izboljšanju kmetijskih rastlin. Osredotočili se bomo na različne metode in rastline, ki so se uporabljale v teh postopkih in kakšne so njihove prednosti.Induced mutations are permanent changes in the sequence or number of nucleotides, the number of genes or chromosomes, passed from parents to offspring. Depending on their origin, they can be caused by chemical, physical or biological mutagenic factors. Research has also developed methods by which we can challenge different types of mutations. These methods are based on the selection of the desired trait that would bring an improved trait to a particular crop plant and provide higher and better crop quality and thriving according to biotic and abiotic factors. Mutagenic agents increase the variability with respect to the target trait of a particular organism. The process of mutagenesis itself is very precisely optimized and causes the largest number of positive or desired mutations, which is achieved with the optimal dose of mutagen and with a selection process. The aim of the thesis is to present the process of mutagenesis and various traits that have contributed to the improvement of crops using published research. We will focus on the different methods and on plants that have been involved in these processes and what benefits they have