Current key options for management of industrial alkaline waste of alumina production (red mud)

Due to the ever-increasing demand of the world economy for aluminum, its alloys and compounds, the production of this metal is increasing annually throughout the world. This leads to an increase in the industrial production of alumina, which is obtained from bauxite ore in the Bayer process. After recovering the bulk of the aluminum from the bauxite ore, there remains a residue which is highly alkaline toxic waste, which is also called bauxite residues (tailings) or red mud (RM). About 140-150 million tons of RM are produced annually and almost 4 billion tons have already been accumulated. At the moment, the problem of RM recycling and the development of effective and cost-effective approaches to their reprocessing is extremely urgent. Reducing RM affects economic, environmental, social areas and is a prerequisite for the sustainable development of nature and society. Despite active scientific research and efforts to develop and optimize various methods for RM recycling and reprocessing, the problem of an annual increase in their volumes around the world remains unresolved. Recently, promising and efficient processes have been proposed that allows for the complex reprocessing of RM with the extraction of a number of valuable liquid products that may be in demand in various fields of industry. This allows to focus on large-scale disposal of RM and can be a solution to the problem of handling these industrial wastes. The article considers the main current trends in the field of management of various types of RM with a focus on complex reprocessing and zero waste concepts