Reproductive seasonality refers to the periodic temporal clustering of reproductive events in the annual cycle. It is often adaptive, because synchronizing the costliest stage of the female reproductive cycle with the most productive season can enhance maternal and offspring conditions and survival. Most studies investigating the evolutionary determinants of reproductive seasonality were done on fast-lived species from temperate habitats, while little is known for long-lived tropical species. In this thesis, we investigated the evolutionary determinants and fitness consequences of reproductive seasonality in two wild primate populations: non-seasonal breeding chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) from the seasonal and arid Namibian savannah and se...