Real exchange rates over the past two centuries: how important is the Harrod-Balassa-Samuelson effect?

Using data since 1820 for the US, the UK and France, we test for the presence of real effects on the equilibrium real exchange rate (the Harrod-Balassa-Samuelson, HBS effect) in an explicitly nonlinear framework and allowing for shifts in real exchange rate volatility across nominal regimes. A statistically signifcant HBS effect for sterling-dollar captures its longrun trend and explains a proportion of variation in changes in the real rate that is proportional to the time horizon of the change. There is signifcant evidence of nonlinear reversion towards long-run equilibrium and downwards shifts in volatility during fixed nominal exchange rate regimes