Electrochemical study of [Ru(NH₃)₆]3 Nafion modified electrodes for sequential determination of cadmium (CDÂ), lead (PbÂ) and zinc (Zn²) via anodic stripping voltammetry

Chemically modified [Ru(NH₃)₆]3⺠doped NafionⓇ thin film was fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass electrodes by using the drop-coating method to sequentially detect heavy metal ions (Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) in deionized water analyte solution via anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). This study also determined the effect of varying the concentration of the mediator [Ru(NH₃)₆]3âº) on the detection of the said heavy metals. The redox mediator [Ru(NH₃)₆]3⺠used in the study was effectively incorporated and immobilized within the Nafion modified electrodes. Heavy metal concentration in the electrolyte solution and the concentration of the redox mediator was varied to control the properties of the fabricated electrodes to undergo heavy metal detection through ASV. The conducting properties of ITO electrodes were enhanced wIth the deposition of NafionⓇ attaining minimal interference. The reduction current peaks increased monotonically with the concentration of the heavy metal present in the solution as well as the mediator concentration