Vulnerabilidad sísmica en viviendas de zona rural: el caso Santa Marianita – Manta – Ecuador: Artículo de investigación

Among the factors that affect the construction of structurally vulnerable housing are the socioeconomic conditions of the rural sectors, poor planning, regulation and control to promote human settlements and the inefficient application of construction techniques with local materials. Therefore, the objective of this research is based on determining the vulnerability index of rural homes in the Santa Marianita parish of the city of Manta-Ecuador, since being located in a coastal area of ​​high seismicity it is important to study this parameter, analyzing the technical characteristics of the houses, such as architectural, structural and construction errors. Most of these homes lack the aforementioned characteristics, with low-quality materials and made by the inhabitants of the area themselves. For the research we worked with a sample of 25 homes located in the rugged areas of the rural parish, because it is the area of ​​greatest impact according to its morphology. The field information was collected through the FEMA-154 form, determining the vulnerability and seismic danger of the surveyed homes, the main damages are at the masonry level, followed by the foundation and structural elements such as columns and beams. The results obtained allowed to propose rehabilitation recommendations for rural homes with S indexes lower than 2 and in raising awareness of the inhabitants at the time of executing a work. Keywords: natural disasters, seismic risk, seismic vulnerability, housing.Entre los factores que inciden en la construcción de viviendas estructuralmente vulnerables se encuentran las condiciones socioeconómicas de los sectores rurales, la escasa planificación, regulación y control para promover asentamientos humanos y la ineficiente aplicación de las técnicas constructivas con materiales locales. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación se basa en determinar el índice de vulnerabilidad de viviendas rurales de la parroquia Santa Marianita de la ciudad de Manta-Ecuador, puesto que al estar ubicada en una zona costera de alta sismicidad es importante estudiar este parámetro, analizando las características técnicas de las viviendas, tales como errores arquitectónicos, estructurales y constructivos. La mayoría de estas viviendas carecen de las características antes mencionadas, con materiales de baja calidad y elaboradas por los mismos habitantes de la zona. Para la investigación se trabajó con una muestra de 25 viviendas ubicadas en las zonas abruptas de la parroquia rural, debido a que es la zona de mayor impacto según su morfología. La información de campo se recolectó por medio del formulario FEMA-154, determinando la vulnerabilidad y peligrosidad sísmica de las viviendas encuestadas, los principales daños se encuentran a nivel de mampostería, seguido de la cimentación y elementos estructurales como columnas y vigas. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron proponer recomendaciones de rehabilitación para las viviendas rurales con índices S menores a 2 y en la concientización de los habitantes al momento de ejecutar una obra. Palabras clave: desastres naturales, riesgo sísmico, vulnerabilidad sísmica, viviendas. Abstract Among the factors that affect the construction of structurally vulnerable housing are the socioeconomic conditions of the rural sectors, poor planning, regulation and control to promote human settlements and the inefficient application of construction techniques with local materials. Therefore, the objective of this research is based on determining the vulnerability index of rural homes in the Santa Marianita parish of the city of Manta-Ecuador, since being located in a coastal area of ​​high seismicity it is important to study this parameter, analyzing the technical characteristics of the houses, such as architectural, structural and construction errors. Most of these homes lack the aforementioned characteristics, with low-quality materials and made by the inhabitants of the area themselves. For the research we worked with a sample of 25 homes located in the rugged areas of the rural parish, because it is the area of ​​greatest impact according to its morphology. The field information was collected through the FEMA-154 form, determining the vulnerability and seismic danger of the surveyed homes, the main damages are at the masonry level, followed by the foundation and structural elements such as columns and beams. The results obtained allowed to propose rehabilitation recommendations for rural homes with S indexes lower than 2 and in raising awareness of the inhabitants at the time of executing a work. Keywords: natural disasters, seismic risk, seismic vulnerability, housing. Información del manuscrito:Fecha de recepción: 01 de diciembre de 2020.Fecha de aceptación: 08 de enero de 2021.Fecha de publicación: 11 de enero de 2021