The Structural Safeguards of Federal Jurisdiction

Scholars have long debated Congress\u27s power to curb federal jurisdiction and have consistently assumed that the constitutional limits on Congress\u27s authority if any must be judicially enforceable and found in the text and structure of Article III In this Article I challenge that fundamental assumption I argue that the primary constitutional protection for the federal judiciary lies instead in the bicameralism and presentment requirements of Article I These Article I lawmaking procedures give competing political factions even political minorities considerable power to veto legislation Drawing on recent social science and legal scholarship I argue that political factions are particularly likely to use their structural veto to block jurisdictionstripping legislation favored by their opponents Notably this structural argument is supported by the history of congressional control over federal jurisdiction When the federal courts have issued controversial opinions that trigger wide public condemnation supporters of the judiciary even when they were only a political minority in Congress repeatedly used their structural veto to block jurisdictionstripping proposals This structural approach also provides one answer to a puzzle that has particularly troubled scholars whether there are any constitutional limits on Congress\u27s authority to make exceptions to the Supreme Court\u27s appellate jurisdiction The structural safeguards of Article I have proven especially effective at preventing encroachments on the Supreme Court\u27s Article III appellate review powe