Circular cladding waveguides in Pr:YAG fabricated by femtosecond laser inscription: Raman, luminescence properties and guiding performance

We report on the fabrication of circular cladding waveguides with cross-section diameters of 60−120 μm in Pr:YAG crystal by applying femtosecond laser inscription. The fabricated waveguides present 2D guidance on the cross-section and fairly low propagation losses. Multiple high-order guiding modes are observed in waveguides with different diameters. Corresponding simulation results reveal the origin of a specific kind of guiding modes. Confocal micro-Raman (μ-Raman) experiments demonstrate the modification effects in femtosecond laser affected areas and ascertain the refractive index induced guiding mechanism. In addition, luminescence emission properties of Pr3+ ions at waveguide volume are well preserved during the femtosecond laser inscription process, which may result in a potential high-power visible waveguide laser