Biosphere reserve management in theory and practice: Case of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve, Western Himalaya, India

The Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (NDBR) in the western Himalayas is one of the important protected areas in India. In recognition of its conservation value, it was designated as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988. The Nanda Devi west peak (7817 m), the second highest in the country, attracted a large number of mountaineers and nature enthusiasts from all over the world until 1982. However, these activities were banned in 1982 because of the serious damage these activities caused to the biological and cultural diversity of the region. In 1988, an area of 2236 km2 was designated as NDBR...