What Speleothems Tell Us about Long-Term Rainfall Oscillation throughout the Holocene on a Planetary Scale

Within the context of anthropogenic warming, rainfall oscillations may induce especially important societal impacts worldwide. In this article, we propose to study potential underlying mechanisms related to precipitation changes on a planetary scale by taking advantage of the recent theory of Rossby waves of long periods winding around subtropical gyres, the Gyral Rossby Waves (GRWs). The stable oxygen isotopic compositions of speleothems are used to regionalize and reconstruct the evolution of long-term rainfall oscillation during the Holocene. The method applied here consists in estimating the wavelet power of dated series of stable oxygen isotopic composition (δ18O) in speleothems within period bands representative of subharmonic modes. Our findings highlight: (1) hydrological processes resulting from friction between the North Equatorial Current (NEC) and the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC) to explain the weakening of ENSO activity in mid-Holocene, and (2) the quasi-resonance of the equatorward migration of the summer Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) during the Holocene, because of the progressive decrease of the thermal gradient between the low and high latitudes of the gyres. The results of this study suggest that the spatial and temporal variations in the amplitude of the rainfall oscillations are related both on the acceleration/deceleration phases of the western boundary currents and on the shrinkage of the Hadley cell. The latitudinal shift of the summer ITCZ in response to changes in the thermal gradient is of the utmost importance in predicting the expansion of deserts resulting from anthropogenic warming