Surgical management of adrenocortical carcinoma: current highlights

Introduction: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare tumor, often discovered at an advanced stage and associated with poor prognosis. Treatment is guided by staging according to the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors (ENSAT) classification. Surgery is the treatment of choice for ACC. The aim of this review is to provide a complete overview on surgical approaches and management of adrenocortical carcinoma. Methods: This comprehensive review has been carried out according to the PRISMA statement. The literature sources were the databases PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane Library. The search thread was: ((surgery) OR (adrenalectomy)) AND (adrenocortical carcinoma). Results: Among all studies identified, 17 were selected for the review. All of them were retrospective. A total of 2498 patients were included in the studies, of whom 734 were treated by mini-invasive approaches and 1764 patients were treated by open surgery. Conclusions: Surgery is the treatment of choice for ACC. Open adrenalectomy (OA) is defined as the gold standard. In recent years laparoscopic adrenalectomy (LA) has gained more popularity. No significant differences were reported for overall recurrence rate, time to recurrence, and cancer-specific mortality between LA and OA, in particular for Stage I-II. Robotic adrenalectomy (RA) has several advantages compared to LA, but there is still a lack of specific documentation on RA use in ACC