Numerical modelling of landslide-tsunami propagation in a wide range of idealised water body geometries

Large landslide-tsunamis are caused by mass movements such as landslides or rock falls impacting into a water body. Research of these phenomena is essentially based on the two idealised water body geometries (i) wave flume (2D, laterally confined wave propagation) and (ii) wave basin (3D, unconfined wave propagation). The wave height in 2D and 3D differs by over one order of magnitude in the far field. Further, the wave characteristics in intermediate geometries are currently not well understood. This article focuses on numerical landslide-tsunami propagation in the far field to quantify the effect of the water body geometry. The hydrodynamic numerical model SWASH, based on the non-hydrostatic non-linear shallow water equations, was used to simulate approximate linear, Stokes, cnoidal and solitary waves in 6 different idealised water body geometries. This includes 2D, 3D as well as intermediate geometries consisting of “channels” with diverging side walls. The wavefront length was found to be an excellent parameter to correlate the wave decay along the slide axis in all these geometries in agreement with Green's law and with diffraction theory in 3D. Semi-theoretical equations to predict the wave magnitude of the idealised waves at any desired point of the water bodies are also presented. Further, simulations of experimental landslide-tsunami time series were performed in 2D to quantify the effect of frequency dispersion. This process may be negligible for solitary- and cnoidal-like waves for initial landslide-tsunami hazard assessment but becomes more important for Stokes-like waves in deeper water. The findings herein significantly improve the reliability of initial landslide-tsunami hazard assessment in water body geometries between 2D and 3D, as demonstrated with the 2014 landslide-tsunami event in Lake Askja