Interactions between Rho-ROCK signaling and the tumor microenvironment in neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is a childhood cancer of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, emerging from cells of the neural crest. In Sweden, neuroblastoma accounts for 20 cases out of all, 300-350, pediatric cancer cases each year (Barncancerfonden 2019, Turup on behalf of Cancer Centrum 2019). This cancer often appears in the sympathetic ganglia and/or the adrenal gland and has a high rate of metastasis that often results in morbidity (Matthay et al. 2016). Recent findings implicating a mutation in the Rho/Rac signaling pathway, a pathway involved in neural crest differentiation and migration, were found in every fourth neuroblastoma patient (Dyberg et al. 2017) These mutations tend to shift Rho to a more active state which is believed to lead to more downstream Rho-associated Kinase (ROCK) activation. While inhibition of ROCK has been seen to promote MYCN protein degradation, induce neuroblastoma cell differentiation and repress neuroblastoma growth in vitro and in vivo (Dyberg et al. 2017). Rho/ROCK signaling pathway effects on cytoskeletal arrangement and cell shape have also been suggested to be involved in tumor promoted changes of the TME (Johan and Samuel, 2018). In this master’s thesis project, we explore the effects of the Rho/ROCK pathway on the tumor microenvironment (TME) and immune response (IR) in neuroblastoma. More specifically we are focusing on populations of T cells, macrophages and fibroblasts in tumors, and looking into tumor vascular structure (such as blood vessel) and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation after ROCK inhibitor treatment within neuroblastoma tumors from transgenic mice model TH-MYCN and multi-cellular tumor spheroids (MCTS), a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model simulating TME in neuroblastoma cell lines. Through our studies we hope to find insights into the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway and involvement of the tumor microenvironment in cancer therapy, while elucidating potential new drugs and drug targets for improving outcomes in neuroblastoma treatment