Historical andcultural processes in Kazakhstan in the late XIX – first half of the 1930

The article analyzes some positive and negative consequences of the political, socio-economic and cultural policies of the tsarist autocracy in the pre-revolutionary period. The entry of Kazakh tribes into the Russian Empire ensured their safety and eliminated the threat from the Dzungarian nomads. The studied materials show how the tsarist administration in the region pursued a policy of discrimination against the local population, depriving them of the right to form statehood, limiting economic activity, increasing the tax burden, which reinforced social stratification in society. The article focuses on the policy of preserving illiteracy and patriarchal - feudal relations. Moreover, the policy of Russification was not developing into administrative unification. Based on the analysis of socialist modernization carried out in the country and republic in the first decades of the existence of Soviet power, a significant change in politics in all spheres of life is shown. These transformations can be understood only through an objective approach to the study of the civilizational features of Soviet society. Author demonstrates this by the example of educational policy, primarily on the elimination of illiteracy and semi-literacy of the population. The state power measures to train teachers, to provide vocational training, to expand the network of educational and cultural institutions in the Republic of Kazakhstan are considered. Thus, as early as in the 1930s Kazakhstan turned, from a region with a predominance of a nomadic way of life, into a republic with large industry, developed livestock, and a high level of culture. The results of the study are aimed at an objective understanding of ethnocultural processes in the republic in compliance with the principles of scientific research