The West African monsoon is characterized by high decadal and multi-decadal variability whose impacts can be catastrophic on local populations. The factors advanced to explain this variability put in competition the role of sea surface temperatures and atmospheric dynamics related in particular to Saharan Heat Low. In addition, the emergence of the climate change footprint on the West African Monsoon, linked to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions,involves regional effects (radiative forcing on the Saharan atmospheric circulation) and global effects (radiative forcing on sea temperatures). This thesis addresses these questions by comparing the sets of control and historical simulations of climate models carried out in the CMIP5 project ...