Norwegian Red dairy cows (NRF) are fed mainly roughage, with supplemented concentrate feed to increase milk production. Concentrate feed contains approximately 50 % nationally sourced ingredients, while the rest are imported, including soy from Brazil. Soy protein holds a high quality while being relatively cheap. Environmental and ethical controversies around the production and import of soy has lead researchers to explore alternative protein sources. Novel protein ingredients should be based on resources that are renewable and can be sustainably sourced, without competing with human food. In Norway, such resources include trees, macroalgae and grass. The yeast strain Candida utilis is able to grow on components of cellulose from trees, af...