Challenges of Building, Deploying, and Using AI-Enabled Telepsychiatry Platforms for Clinical Practice Among Urban Indians: A Qualitative Study

Background: Published literature shows the overall challenges associated with artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled medicine and telepsychiatry more from the western perspective, with no specific mention from the perspective of individual stakeholders or Indians. This study was conceptualized to understand the perceived challenges of building, deploying, and using AI-enabled telepsychiatry for clinical practice from the perspectives of psychiatrist, patients, and the technology experts (who build such services) in urban India. Methods: Between February 2020 and April 2020, a semistructured topic guide was drafted for qualitative exploratory study among psychiatrists ( n = 14), their patients ( n = 14), technology experts ( n = 13), and Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) ( n = 5) of health technology incubation centers. Interviews were conducted over the phone, recorded, and analyzed using the grounded theory approach. Results: Almost all respondents cited ethical, legal, accountability, and regulatory implications as challenges. The major issues stated by patients were privacy/confidentiality, ethical violations, security/ hacking, and data ownership. Psychiatrists cited lack of clinical validation, lack of established studies or trials, iatrogenic risk, and healthcare infrastructure issues as the main challenges. Technology experts stated data-related issues as the major challenge. The CEOs quoted the lack of interdisciplinary experts as one of the main challenges in building deployable AI-enabled telepsychiatry in India. Conclusions: There are challenges to deploy an AI-enabled telepsychiatry platform in India. There is a need to constitute an interdisciplinary team to systematically address these challenges. Deployment of AI-enabled telepsychiatry is not possible without clinical validation and addressing current challenges