Optimal PID controllers for AVR system considering limited excitation voltage limitations using hybrid equilibrium optimizer

Automatic voltage regulator (AVR) represents the basic voltage regulator loop in power systems. The central part of this loop is the regulator, which has parameters that define the speed of the voltage regulation, quality of responses, and system stability. Furthermore, it has an impact on the excitation voltage change and value, especially during transients. In this paper, unlike literature approaches, the experimental verifications of the impact of regulator parameters on the excitation voltage and current value are presented. A novel hybrid metaheuristic algorithm for obtaining regulator parameters determination of the AVR system, and a novel regulator design taking into account excitation voltage limitation are presented. The proposed algorithm combines the properties and characteristics of equilibrium optimizer and evaporation rate water cycle algorithms. The proposed algorithm is effective, fast, and accurate. Both experimental and simulation results show that the limitation of the excitation voltage increases the settling time of the generator voltage during reference change. Additionally, the simulation results show that the optimal values of PID parameters are smaller for limited excitation voltage values