Abandoned mine lands reclamation by plant remediation technologies

Abandoned mine lands (AMLs), which are considered some of the most dangerous anthropogenic activities in the world, are a source of hazards relating to potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Traditional reclamation techniques, which are expensive, time‐consuming and not well accepted by the general public, cannot be used on a large scale. However, plant‐based techniques have gained acceptance as an environmentally friendly alternative over the last 20 years. Plants can be used in AMLs for PTE phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and phytovolatilization. We reviewed these phytoremediation techniques, paying particular attention to the selection of appropriate plants in each case. In order to assess the suitability of plants for phytoremediation purposes, the accumulation capacity and tolerance mechanisms of PTEs was described. We also compiled a collection of interesting actual examples of AML phytoremediation. On‐site studies have shown positive results in terms of soil quality improvement, reduced PTE bioavailability, and increased biodiversity. However, phytoremediation strategies need to better characterize potential plant candidates in order to improve PTE extraction and to reduce the negative impact on AMLs.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (CGL2015–67644–R and PGC2018–098372–B–100), the Castilla–La Mancha Regional Government (SBPLY/17/180501/000273) and the University of Castilla La–Mancha RDi Internal Research Plan (predoctoral contract 2016/14100)