The Mari archives show the conspicuous presence of social groups committed to a mobile way of life in early second millennium Syria, but these never constituted an element foreign to settled farmers in the river valleys. If taken as different populations, one should recognize anyways that they were only ideal vectors that came from the same social milieu. In tune with this overall view of landscape, modern scholarship no longer assigns tribal characteristics exclusively to mobile groups, but instead understands a tribal socio political mode as a manner of resolving tensions in societies with signi cant mobile pastoralist components. Hence, apparently different social groups belonged to the same political entities and owed allegiance to the ...