We consider the minimization of a continuous function over the intersection of a regular cone with an affine set via a new class of adaptive first- and second-order optimization methods, building on the Hessian-barrier techniques introduced in [Bomze, Mertikopoulos, Schachinger, and Staudigl, Hessian barrier algorithms for linearly constrained optimization problems, SIAM Journal on Optimization, 2019]. Our approach is based on a potential-reduction mechanism and attains a suitably defined class of approximate first- or second-order KKT points with the optimal worst-case iteration complexity $O(\varepsilon^{-2})$ (first-order) and $O(\varepsilon^{-3/2})$ (second-order), respectively. A key feature of our methodology is the use of self-concor...