Impacts of alien plant invasions on species richness in Mediterranean-type ecosystems: a meta-analysis

Besides a general consensus regarding the negative impact of invasive alien species in the literature, only recently has the decline of native species attributable to biological invasions begun to be quantifi ed in many parts of the world. The cause-effect relationship between the establishment and proliferation of alien species and the extinction of native species is, however, seldom demonstrated. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies in Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs) to examine: (1) whether invasion of alien plant species indeed causes a reduction in the number of native plant species at different spatial and temporal scales; (2) which growth forms, habitat types and areas are most affected by invasions; and (3) which taxa are most responsible for native species richness declines. Our results confi rm a signifi cant decline in native species richness attributable to alien invasions. Studies conducted at small scales or sampled over long periods reveal stronger impacts of alien invasion than those at large spatial scales and over short periods. Alien species from regions with similar climates have much stronger impacts, with the native species richness in South Africa and Australia declining signifi cantly more post-invasion than for European sites. Australian Acacia species in South Africa accounted for the most signifi cant declines in native species richness. Among the different growth forms of alien plants, annual herbs, trees and creepers had the greatest impact, whereas graminoids generally caused insignifi cant changes to the native community. Native species richness of shrublands, old fi elds and dune vegetation showed signifi cant declines, in contrast to insignifi cant declines for forest habitats.Acknowledgements We thank the DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology for fi nancial support and Petr Pyšek and Marcel Rejmanek for helpful comments