Inter-specific interactions involving Lemur catta housed in mixed-species exhibits in UK zoos

Ring-tailed lemur Lemur catta are a popular Madagascan species kept in zoos due to their appeal to visitors. As a flagship endangered species, they are often used to highlight conservation messages and are frequently kept in mixed-species and walk-through exhibits providing an immersive experience for the public. However, agonistic events may be more frequent in exhibits housing multiple territorial primate species with differing dominance hierarchies. Observations were undertaken in nine UK zoos housing a total of 105 L. catta in 10 polyspecific exhibits using ‘all occurrence sampling’ to record frequency and duration of agonistic and affiliative interactions between L. catta and other species of lemur. Observations were conducted in two-hour continuous periods under two conditions: when food was presented by keepers and when this was not the case. The presence or absence of provisioned food did not predict changes in any of the relationships examined. Overall, agonistic inter-specific interactions were observed slightly more frequently than affiliative interactions; the difference was not significant. Analysis revealed that there was a significant difference in both the frequency and duration of inter-specific affiliative and agonistic interactions between some exhibits, the presence of infants (aged