Intestinal microbiota and dysbiosis in celiac disease

Celiac disease is a chronic immune-mediated disease caused by dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Dysbiotic changes in the intestinal microbiota contribute to a loss of gluten tolerance and an increase in the intestinal permeability of the barrier, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of celiac disease. Taxonomic dysbiosis in celiac disease is characterized by a decrease in probiotic (anti-inflammatory) bacteria such as Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and an increase in proinflammatory bacteria such as Bacteroides spp., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp. Functional (metabolic) dysbiosis is characterized by reduced short-chain fatty acids, especially butyrate, in feces and by a significant increase in the microbial metabolites in the blood and urine of patients with celiac disease. The study of the functional activity of the intestinal microbiota will contribute to novel therapeutic approaches in management of patients with celiac disease