Improving the energy efficiency of buildings based on fluid dynamics models : A critical review

Funding Information: Funding: This research was supported by the Academy of Finland (STARCLUB, Grant No. 324023 and CLEANSCHOOL, Grant No. 330150) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41972324). Publisher Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.The built environment is the global sector with the greatest energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, building energy savings can make a major contribution to tackling the current energy and climate change crises. Fluid dynamics models have long supported the understanding and optimization of building energy systems and have been responsible for many important technological breakthroughs. As Covid-19 is continuing to spread around the world, fluid dynamics models are proving to be more essential than ever for exploring airborne transmission of the coronavirus indoors in order to develop energy-efficient and healthy ventilation actions against Covid-19 risks. The purpose of this paper is to review the most important and influential fluid dynamics models that have contributed to improving building energy efficiency. A detailed, yet understandable description of each model’s background, physical setup, and equations is provided. The main ingredients, theoretical interpretations, assumptions, application ranges, and robustness of the models are discussed. Models are reviewed with comprehensive, although not exhaustive, publications in the literature. The review concludes by outlining open questions and future perspectives of simulation models in building energy research.Peer reviewe