The Middle English verse romances of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries have frequently been referenced as exemplifying the formulaicity associated with orality in medieval transitional texts. This is as true when counting formulae of the Parry-Lord variety according their theory of oral-formulaic composition as it is when counting the more flexibly defined formulaic expressions of the sort permitted under the theory of oral traditionalism. Both methods, however, probably give an inflated view of the extent to which orally-based thinking was involved in composition of the romances, since they focus exclusively on the formulaic surface-structure expressions which do not always accurately reflect deep-structure ideas or frames of thought...