Occupational and Patient Radiation Dose and Quality Implications of Femoral Access Imaging During Coronary Angiography

Kelly Wilson-Stewart,1,2 Davide Fontanarosa,3,4 Eva Malacova,3,5 Steven Gett,2 Allan Kruger,2,6 Jamie V Trapp1 1School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; 2Cardiiovascular Suites, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, 4120, Australia; 3School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; 4Centre for Biomedical Technologies (CBT), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia; 5QMIR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia; 6Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Herston, QLD, 4029, AustraliaCorrespondence: Kelly Wilson-StewartCardiovascular Suites, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Newdegate Street, Greenslopes, Brisbane, QLD, 4120, AustraliaTel +61 73394 7962Fax +61 73394 7969Email ks.stewart@hdr.qut.edu.auPurpose: Cardiologists often perform angiography of the common femoral artery (CFA) access site to evaluate whether the anatomy is suitable for deployment of a vascular closure device or to assess whether iatrogenic vessel damage has occurred. The choice of acquisition mode has radiation dose implications. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the selected type of CFA x-ray imaging mode (fluoro save, cine acquisition and digital subtraction angiography (DSA)) and tube angle on patient and staff dose during coronary angiography.Materials and Methods: Assessment of image quality for the different modes was performed to determine whether lower dose modes provide images of sufficient clinical quality to be routinely employed. Radiation dose levels for the patients (n=782), cardiologists (n=17), scrub nurses (n=27) and scout nurses (n=32) were measured in a prospective single-centre study between February 2017 and August 2019. Three Philips angiographic units and DoseAware dose monitoring systems were used.Results: Among the acquisition modes, fluoro save provided acceptable diagnostic quality for visualizing femoral access points and diagnosing pathology in 99% of cases. Average patient dose area product (DAP) was 83.95, 742.50, and 3363.41mGy2 and average patient air kerma (AK) was 0.87, 8.44, and 18.61mGy for fluoro save, cine, and DSA acquisitions, respectively. The use of higher dose imaging modes, imaging in the contralateral view and utilizing steeper TA was associated with a higher patient dose. Due to staff dose being highly correlated with DAP and AK, it was difficult to observe any association between staff dose and CFA imaging mode. However, this does not discount a potential increase in occupational dose due to the use of cine angiography or digital subtraction angiography during CFA imaging.Conclusion: DSA of the CFA should be avoided during transfemoral coronary angiography unless critical to diagnostic analysis. It is recommended that fluoroscopic operators consider utilizing lower dose modes in the ipsilateral orientation ≤ 32° TA to reduce the risk of patient and staff radiation exposure.Keywords: occupational exposure, cardiac catheterization, vascular closure device, patient dose, theater nurse, x-ray imagin