Risk factors and prediction models for venous thromboembolism in ambulatory patients with lung cancer

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant cause of mortality in patients with lungcancer. Despite the availability of a wide range of anticoagulants to help prevent thrombosis,thromboprophylaxis in ambulatory patients is a challenge due to its associated risk of haemorrhage.As a result, anticoagulation is only recommended in patients with a relatively high risk of VTE.Efforts have been made to develop predictive models for VTE risk assessment in cancer patients, butthe availability of a reliable predictive model for ambulate patients with lung cancer is unclear. Wehave analysed the latest information on this topic, with a focus on the lung cancer-related risk factorsfor VTE, and risk prediction models developed and validated in this group of patients. The existingrisk models, such as the Khorana score, the PROTECHT score and the CONKO score, have shownpoor performance in external validations, failing to identify many high-risk individuals. Some of thenewly developed and updated models may be promising, but their further validation is needed