Immersed granular collapse: from viscous to free-fall unsteady granular flows

The collapse of a granular column in a liquid is investigated using numerical simulations. From previous experimental studies, it has been established that the dynamics of the collapse is mostly influenced by the Stokes number St, comparing grain inertia and viscous fluid dissipation, and the initial volume fraction of the granular column φi. However, the full characterization of the collapse in the (St, φi) plane is still missing, restricting its modelling as a physical process for geophysical applications. Only numerical tools can allow the variation over the parameter space (St, φi) that is hardly reachable in experiments as well as a full description of the granular phase that plays a major role in dense granular flows. For this purpose, a dedicated numerical model is used including a discrete element method to resolve the granular phase. The specific objectives of the paper are then twofold: (i) the characterization of the dynamics of the collapse and its final deposit with respect to (St, φi) to complement available experimental data, and (ii) the description of the granular rheology according to these two dimensionless numbers including dilatancy effects. A simple predictive model stems from the obtained results, allowing one to explain the evolution of the final deposit with (St, φi)