Big 4 auditors, bank earnings management and financial crisis in Africa

This paper examines whether African banks audited by a Big 4 auditor use loan loss provisions for earnings management purposes before, during and after the global financial crisis. It focuses on income smoothing as a type of earnings management. Using bank data from 21 African countries from 2002 to 2014, the results show that African banks audited by a Big 4 auditor use loan loss provisions to smooth income and the incentive to smooth income is greater during recessionary periods. Also, African banks audited by a Big 4 auditor use income smoothing to lower high earnings during the financial crisis and in the pre-financial crisis period but not in the post-financial crisis period