Analisis Konektivitas Transportasi Udara antar Ibukota Provinsi di Indonesia akibat Pandemi Covid-19

Indonesia merupakan negara yang terdiri dari banyak pulau, maka dibutuhkan perkuatan konektivitas transportasi yang membantu meningkatkan akses masyarakat di seluruh Indonesia sehingga produktivitas dan daya saing dapat meningkat serta merata. Konektivitas antar bandara dapat digunakan sebagai gambaran aktivitas penerbangan di Indonesia yang juga menggambarkan pergerakan penumpang dan barang. Hal ini menunjukkan bagaimana hubungan antar daerah di Indonesia. Sejak Maret 2020, penerbangan menjadi salah satu sektor transportasi yang terdampak pandemi Covid-19 yang mendorong diterapkannya berbagai pembatasan dan kebijakan transportasi untuk mencegah penyebaran virus. Penurunan jumlah penerbangan dapat berdampak pada perusahaan pengelola bandara dan maskapai penerbangan. Dengan berkurangnya permintaan, pendapatan perusahaan penerbangan dapat menurun dan berpengaruh pada dana pemeliharaan bandara dan pesawat. Sehingga, diperlukan analisis tingkat konektivitas dan perkiraan perubahan pendapatan bandara saat Covid-19. Analisis indeks konektivitas transportasi udara antar ibukota provinsi di Indonesia saat Covid-19 dilakukan dengan Graph Theory. Digunakan data sekunder berupa daftar bandara dan pergerakan penerbangannya serta data pembanding dari studi terdahulu. Data pergerakan direpresentasikan dalam grafik model jaringan dan matriks konektivitas. Kemudian, dihitung indeks konektivitas yang ditunjukkan oleh indeks alfa (α), indeks beta (β), dan indeks gama (γ). Selanjutnya, dilakukan analisis perubahan pendapatan bandara saat Covid-19. Hasil dari analisis konektivitas transportasi udara antar ibukota provinsi akibat Covid-19 beragam, dikarenakan rute penerbangan yang berbeda-beda. Berdasarkan data, terjadi perubahan pergerakan penerbangan pada bandara ibukota provinsi, sebelum dan saat Covid-19. Ditinjau dari matriks konektivitas, tingkat konektivitas langsung terbesar terjadi pada Bandar Udara Internasional Soekano Hatta sebesar 28 koneksi. Sedangkan, yang terkecil pada Bandar Udara Tampa Padang sebesar 1 koneksi (0,4%). Mayoritas perubahan saat Covid-19 adalah penurunan dan penurunan terbesar adalah 78% pada Bandar Udara Sultan Thaha. Sementara itu, ditinjau dari Graph Theory berdasarkan penerbangan langsung dan tidak langsung didapatkan indeks konektivitas terbesar pada Bandar Udara Internasional Juanda, yaitu indeks alfa 0,857, indeks beta 2,559, dan indeks gama 0,906. Sedangkan, indeks konektivitas terkecil pada Bandar Udara Rendani yaitu indeks alfa 0, indeks beta 0,794, dan indeks gama 0,281. Mayoritas perubahan yang terjadi adalah penurunan nilai indeks konektivitas. Penurunan terbesar terjadi pada Bandar Udara Rendani yaitu indeks alfa sebesar 119,4%, indeks beta sebesar 57,8% dan indeks gama sebesar 57,8%. Hasil analisis perubahan pendapatan bandara didapatkan 33 bandara mengalami penurunan pendapatan. Penurunan pendapatan terbesar terjadi pada Bandar Udara Internasional Husein Sastranegara sebesar 77%. Sementara itu, terdapat satu bandara yang mengalami peningkatan yaitu, Bandar Udara Tjilik Riwut sebesar 4,29%. ==================================================================================================== Indonesia is a country that consists of many islands, so it is necessary to strengthen transportation connectivity that helps improve people's access throughout Indonesia so productivity and competitiveness can be increased and evenly distributed. Connectivity between airports can be used as an illustration of flight activities in Indonesia which also describes the movement of passengers and goods. This shows how the connection between regions in Indonesia. Since March 2020, aviation has become one of the transportation sectors that affected by the Covid-19 pandemic, which has prompted the implementation of restrictions and other transportation policies to prevent the spread of the virus. The decrease in the number of flights can have an impact on airport management companies and airlines. With reduced demand, aviation companies revenues may decreased and affect airport and aircraft maintenance funds. So, it is necessary to analyze the level of connectivity and change estimation in airport revenue during Covid-19. Analysis of the air transport connectivity index between provincial capitals in Indonesia during Covid-19 is carried out using Graph Theory. Secondary data is used in the form of a list of airports along with their flight movements, and also comparative data from previous studies. Flight movement data is represented in network model graphs and connectivity matrix. Then, the connectivity index is calculated as indicated by the alpha index (α), beta index (β), and gamma index (γ). Furthermore, an analysis of changes in airport revenues is carried out during Covid-19. The results of the analysis of air transport connectivity between provincial capitals due to Covid-19 are various, because of different flight routes. Based on the data, there are changes in flight movements at the provincial capital airport, before and during Covid-19. In terms of the connectivity matrix, the highest level of direct connectivity occurred at Soekarno Hatta International Airport with 28 connections. While, the lowest at Tampa Padang Airport is 1 connection (0,4%). The most of changes during Covid-19 are decreases and the biggest decrease is 78% at Sultan Thaha Airport. Meanwhile, in terms of Graph Theory based on direct and indirect flights, the highest connectivity index is obtained at Juanda International Airport, that is alpha index 0,857, beta index 2,559, and gamma index 0,906. While, the lowest connectivity index at Rendani Airport is alpha index 0, beta index 0,794, and gamma index 0,281. The most of changes that occur are decreases in the value of the connectivity index. The highest decrease occurred at Rendani Airport, that is alpha index 119,4%, beta index 57,8% and gamma index 57,8%. The results of the analysis of changes estimation in airport revenues shows that 33 airports experienced a decrease in revenue. The largest decrease in revenue occurred at Husein Sastranegara International Airport by 77%. Meanwhile, there is one airport that has increased, that is Tjilik Riwut Airport by 4,29%