Management of intellectual property in university-industry collaborations – public access to and control of knowledge

The transfer of knowledge from academic institutions to society takes a number of forms. The classic form is the dissemination of research results through journals and the education of skilled people, who then provide this knowledge outside the academic learning and study environment. A new social contract is now being developed between academia and governments. This contract makes funding available to academia in exchange for more specific participation in the development of the economy. Universities provide society with access to knowledge, to promote economic progress through intellectual property rights (IPRs). This is achieved through collaborations with industry parties and other organisations. Industry usually has a closer relationship with the market and with the public need for new products and services. Industry is, rather than pursuing their own research and development, therefore turning increasingly to existing knowledge providers to accelerate access to innovations and to save R&D costs. The question of who is entitled to use this knowledge and for what purposes becomes a question of control and ownership of what some might argue is a public good. The management of university-based intellectual property becomes a central element in the control of and achieving balance in the sharing of societal and economic goods at both the individual, organizational and institutional level. This thesis builds on prior knowledge of how universities are managing intellectual property (IP) in making new research available to other parties. Biotechnology research in particular has been investigated. Biotechnology research can spawn broadly useful technology research platforms such as the editing platform CRISPR/Cas9, which has frequently been criticised as a knowledge monopoly. The access to such technology can be restricted, and utilisation of research results depends on the contractual provisions devised by the owners of the technology. It is therefore imperative to better understand the conditions under which knowledge monopolies are likely to emerge. How IP is strategically used by universities in relation to the degree of public funding of research collaborations and the access to research platforms has not previously been available in prior research studies and is at the core of this thesis