How are excellence and trust for using artificial intelligence ensured? Evaluation of its current use in EU healthcare

Context: Artificial intelligence (AI) could be a key driver in different healthcare dossiers, ranging from preventive to diagnostic and treatment purposes. The establishment of the Artificial Intelligence High-Level Expert Group in the European Commission, as well as their White Paper, show first attempts of creating policies in the domain of artificial intelligence in the EU. Despite these policy approaches, there is a need for a coherent regulatory framework that enables the efficient use of AI in the field of health. The aim of this policy brief is to evaluate current legislative gaps in terms of the introduction of AI in healthcare, focusing on the domains of Data Protection, Liability & Transparency, as well as Robustness & Accuracy. Policy Options: This policy brief identified a high degree of eHealth infrastructure fragmentation on member state level and limited action towards a structured and coherent framework for AI in healthcare, under the domains of Data Protection, Liability & Transparency, and Robustness & Accuracy. Recommendations: A unified approach at EU-level, based on proposed recommendations and merged into the form of a Directive, is advised. The development of the Health-AI-Directive will bring progress and improvement to legal certainty in the European AI-landscape. The introduction of the Health-AI-Directive is recommended to ensure trust and excellence in the use of AI in healthcare.   Acknowledgments: The authors of this policy brief would like to thank all our tutors, lecturers and professors of the M.Sc. Governance and Leadership in European Public Health, with special thanks to Kasia Czabanowska and Rok Hržič, for enabling and encouraging us in the creation of this policy brief. Authors’ contributions: All authors contributed equally to this work   Conflict of interest: None declared   Source of funding: None declare