Tools for genotyping human immunodeficiency virus, and implications of genetic diversity on diagnostics, treatment and prevention

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) presents an unprecedented genetic variability within infected individuals and across geographical locales. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for almost 70% of all HIV infections worldwide and represents the region with the highest diversity of genetic variants of the virus. This review looks at the current approaches and techniques for the determination of HIV genetic diversity. In addition, the rationale for a continuous periodic monitoring of the genetic landscape due to the implications of shifting genetics on the efficacy of diagnostics, treatment and prevention strategies is highlighted