Robust topology optimization under material and loading uncertainties using an evolutionary structural extended finite element method

The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link.This research presents a novel algorithm for robust topology optimization of continuous structures under material and loading uncertainties by combining an evolutionary structural optimization (ESO) method with an extended finite element method (XFEM). Conventional topology optimization approaches (e.g. ESO) often require additional post-processing to generate a manufacturable topology with smooth boundaries. By adopting the XFEM for boundary representation in the finite element (FE) framework, the proposed method eliminates this time-consuming post-processing stage and produces more accurate evaluation of the elements along the design boundary for ESO-based topology optimization methods. A truncated Gaussian random field (without negative values) using a memory-less translation process is utilized for the random uncertainty analysis of the material property and load angle distribution. The superiority of the proposed method over Monte Carlo, solid isotropic material with penalization (SIMP) and polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) using classical finite element method (FEM) is demonstrated via two practical examples with compliances in material uncertainty and loading uncertainty improved by approximately 11% and 10%, respectively. The novelty of the present method lies in the following two aspects: (1) this paper is among the first to use the XFEM in studying the robust topology optimization under uncertainty; (2) due to the adopted XFEM for boundary elements in the FE framework, there is no need for any post-processing techniques. The effectiveness of this method is justified by the clear and smooth boundaries obtained