Precipitation of a layered double hydroxide comprising Mg2+ and Al3+ to remove sulphate ions from aqueous solutions.

This work presents an alternative route to remove sulphate ions from aqueous solutions, which is simple and fast, and its efficiency of sulphate removal is slightly influenced by temperature (26 ?C?70 ?C) and pH (4?12). The lowest residual sulphate concentration was about 60 mg L?1, which was observed in continuous experiments using wastewater (26 ?C, pH 6 and initial sulphate concentration of 630 mg L?1). All these outcomes together have not been observed in the current most used processes of sulphate precipitation, i.e. gypsum and ettringite precipitation. Sulphate removal experiments were carried out in the batch and continuous systems using synthetic solutions. In these conditions, about 75% of sulphate ions were removed for an initial ion concentration of 1800 mg L?1. A continuous test was also performed using a wastewater sample in addition to a synthetic solution. The system reached steady-state conditions after four residence times (40 min) in the experiment with synthetic solutions, whereas three residence times (30 min) were necessary for the tests with the wastewater (initial sulphate concentration of 630 mg L?1). In the latter case, the sulphate removal efficiency was approximately 90%. The characterisation of the experimentally precipitated solids was carried out by DRX, FTIR, SEMEDS, elemental analysis and thermal analysis. These techniques showed that, except in pH 4, the sulphate removal process occurred due to the precipitation of a layered double hydroxide, comprising Mg2+ and Al3+ as its metallic ions and nitrate (due to the salts used for precipitation) and sulphate anions occupying its interlayer space