Time and Tillich: re-examining salvation through the lens of relativity

Time is often neglected in conversations between science and religion. As this thesis engages time and theology within the theological framework provided by Paul Tillich’s Systematic Theology, it is a step towards addressing this oversight. In this work I use Tillich’s method of correlation as my overarching structure, a theological methodology which is explicitly designed to encourage the continuous evolution of theology in dialogue with pressing questions from the culture in which that theology is to be received. My approach is fundamentally one of constructive engagement, meaning I am not concerned with proving or disproving any theological, philosophical, or scientific claims; rather, this thesis engages time and theology with the aim of fostering a constructive dialogue. The method of correlation involves locating specific cultural concerns, the so-called philosophical question, and providing a theological response, termed the theological answer. To this end, this thesis begins with the physics and metaphysics of time, especially Einstein’s Relativity Theories, and argues that these give good reason to accept a B-theory of time in which time does not pass and reality is comprised of a block universe. The philosophical question that arises is this: how can change be understood within this static temporal metaphysic? This question is highly important for any doctrine of salvation that requires a transformation in time. I then explore Systematic Theology, with a particular focus on Tillich’s treatment of salvation, time, and history, as these are the foundations of my theological answer. Finally, the thesis argues that given a B-theory of time, a salvation-transformation is best understood as a form of qualitative, phenomenological change, rather than a robust ontological change. I use concepts from the philosophy of temporal experience to make this argument, ultimately concluding that the individual’s transformation from fallen to saved is one of mind-dependent becoming.