Measurement and simulation of sooting characteristics by an ATJ-SKA biojet fuel and blends with Jet A-1 fuel in laminar non-premixed flames

We investigate the sooting propensity of an Alcohol-to-Jet-Synthetic Kerosene with Aromatics (ATJ-SKA) biojet fuel. The soot volume fraction and primary particle size in the pre-vaporised diffusion flames using ATJ-SKA biojet and blends with Jet A-1 at atmospheric conditions were measured experimentally and compared to numerical simulations. The measurements were conducted using extinction calibrated laser induced incandescence (LII). The soot volume fractions measured using the ATJ-SKA fuel do not show significant differences relative to measurements with Jet A-1. A comparison of the chemical composition of the fuels suggests that the Degree of Unsaturation (DoU) may not determine the sooting propensity of biojet fuels. The SEM analysis shows that diffusion flames using neat Jet A-1 produce finer soot particles and larger number density compared to the biojet and biojet surrogate. The soot model employs a semi-detailed chemical kinetic mechanism and a physical model which integrates the population balance equation governing the soot particle size distribution with an in-house reactive flow solver for multicomponent ideal gases. The model predicts the maximum soot volume fraction (SVF_{m}) in the neat biojet case and the blended cases with Jet A-1 fuels within an error margin of 13% of the measured values. However, the predicted soot volume fraction distribution patterns differ from the measured one and the possible causes are discussed