Have we vindicated the motivational unconscious yet ? A conceptual review.

article 224International audienceMotivationally unconscious (M-unconscious) states are unconscious states that can directly motivate a subject's behavior and whose unconscious character typically results from a form of represion.The basic argument forM-unconscious states claims that they provide the best explanation for some seemingly non-rational behaviors, like akrasia, impulsivity or apparent self- deception. This basic argument has been challenged on theoretical, empirical, andconceptual grounds. Drawing on recent works on apparent self-deception and on the "cognitive unconscious" I assess those objections. I argue that (i) even if there is a good theoretical argument for its existence, (ii) most empirical vindications of the M-unconscious miss their target.(iii) As for the conceptual objections, they compel us to modify the classical picture of the M-unconscious. I conclude that M-unconscious states and processes must be affective states and processes that the subject really feels and experiences-and which are in this sense conscious-even though they are not, or not well, cognitively accessible to him. Dual-process psychology and the literature on cold-hot empathy gaps partly support the existence of such M-unconscious states