International audienceThis article provides an analysis of the conflicts arising on the appearance of the anti-Franco guerilla through a reflection on the political uses of violence. The Civil War led to a brutalising of social relations, and in this context violence came forward as a means of survival in a defensive strategy frame. From 1944 the PCE organise the groups of resistance into a guerrilla movement an the violence change its mean by explicitly taking on a political content, which brougth about an escalade in repressive violence. Any interpretationof this dual violence must take into account its relationship with a repressive culture and with a conflictiveness experienced at a local level, and the coexistence, inside the guerrilla...