Why many challenges with GUI test automation (will) remain

Context: Automated testing is ubiquitous in modern software development and used to verify requirement conformance on all levels of system abstraction, including the system\u27s graphical user interface (GUI). GUI-based test automation, like other automation, aims to reduce the cost and time for testing compared to alternative, manual approaches. Automation has been successful in reducing costs for other forms of testing (like unit- or integration testing) in industrial practice. However, we have not yet seen the same convincing results for automated GUI-based testing, which has instead been associated with multiple technical challenges. Furthermore, the software industry has struggled with some of these challenges for more than a decade with what seems like only limited progress. Objective: This systematic literature review takes a longitudinal perspective on GUI test automation challenges by identifying them and then investigating why the field has been unable to mitigate them for so many years. Method: The review is based on a final set of 49 publications, all reporting empirical evidence from practice or industrial studies. Statements from the publications are synthesized, based on a thematic coding, into 24 challenges related to GUI test automation. Results: The most reported challenges were mapped chronologically and further analyzed to determine how they and their proposed solutions have evolved over time. This chronological mapping of reported challenges shows that four of them have existed for almost two decades. Conclusion: Based on the analysis, we discuss why the key challenges with GUI-based test automation are still present and why some will likely remain in the future. For others, we discuss possible ways of how the challenges can be addressed. Further research should focus on finding solutions to the identified technical challenges with GUI-based test automation that can be resolved or mitigated. However, in parallel, we also need to acknowledge and try to overcome non-technical challenges