The oceanic fixed nitrogen and nitrous oxide budgets: Moving targets as we enter the anthropocene?

New data force us to raise previous estimates of oceanic denitrification. Our revised estimate of ~ 450 Tg N yr -1 (Tg = 10 12 g) produces an oceanic fixed N budget with a large deficit (~ 200 Tg N yr -1 ) that can be explained only by positing an ocean that has deviated far from a steady-state, the need for a major upwards revision of fixed N inputs, particularly nitrogen fixation, or both. Oceanic denitrification can be significantly altered by small re-distributions of carbon and dissolved oxygen. Since fixed N is a limiting nutrient, uncompensated changes in denitrification affect the ocean´s ability to sequester atmospheric CO 2 via the "biological pump". We have also had to modify our concepts of the oceanic N 2 O regime to take better account of the extremely high N 2 O saturations that can arise in productive, low oxygen waters. Recent results from the western Indian Shelf during a period when hypoxic, suboxic and anoxic waters were present produced a maximum surface N 2 O saturation of > 8000%, a likely consequence of "stop and go" denitrification. The sensitivity of N 2 O production and consumption to small changes in the oceanic dissolved oxygen distribution and to the "spin-up" phase of denitrification suggests that the oceanic source term for N 2 O could change rapidly