Data_Sheet_1_The Wind Effect on Biogeochemistry in Eddy Cores in the Northern South China Sea.docx

Cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies are usually characterized by upwelling and downwelling, respectively, which are induced by eddy pumping near their core. Using a repeated expendable bathythermograph transect (XBT) and Argo floats, and by cruise experiments, we determined that not all eddies in the northern South China Sea (NSCS) were accompanied by eddy pumping. The weakening of background thermocline was attributed to the strengthening of eddy pumping, affected by (1) wind-induced meridional Sverdrup transports and (2) Kuroshio intrusion into the NSCS. Higher particulate organic carbon (POC) fluxes (> 100 mg-C m−2 day−1) were found near the eddy cores with significant eddy pumping (defined by a depth change of 22°C isotherm near the thermocline for over 10 m), although the satellite-estimated POC fluxes were inconsistent with the in-situ POC fluxes. nitrogen limitation transition and high POC flux were even found near the core of a smaller mesoscale (diameter < 100 km) cyclonic eddy in May 2014, during the weakening of the background thermocline in the NSCS. This finding provides evidence that small mesoscale eddies can efficiently provide nutrients to the subsurface, and that they can remove carbon from the euphotic zone. This is important for global warming, which generally strengthens upper ocean stratification.