Closing the loop: Competition and cooperation in remanufacturing

Firms are forced to manufacture products in an environmentally friendly way due to increasing consumer awareness, environmental activism and legislative pressure. Remanufacturing, the process of recovering the residual value of used products by reusing the components that still function, reduces both raw material and energy consumption. Operational and pricing decisions for remanufactured products are crucial. The aim of this study is to provide analytical tools to the firms for optimal pricing, manufacturing and remanufacturing strategies in the case of competition and cooperation