Croatian publishing in Hungary (1918-2015)

U radu se analizira skoro 100 godina nakladništva Hrvata u Mađarskoj na temelju popisa hrvatskih izdanja koji je sastavljen u sklopu ovoga istraživanja i koji trenutno sadrži preko 1 100 jedinica. Spomenuti popis hrvatskih izdanja u Mađarskoj određen je prema trima kriterijima: vremenskom, prostornom (geografskom) i jezikom publikacije (publika kao podkriterij). Proces prikupljanja jedinica podijeljen je na tri faze: 1. Pregled digitalnih kataloga i zbirki državnih i regionalnih knjižnica; 2. Rezultati dosadašnjih istraživanja; 3. „Terenska” istraživanja (prikupljanje podataka u kontaktu s lokalnim ustanovama, pojedincima). Zbog ključne uloge tiskane riječi u širenju raznih kolektivnih identiteta donose se primjeri hrvatskih izdanja iz Mađarske u kojima je prisutan sadržaj koji može utjecati na nacionalni identitet Hrvata u Mađarskoj. Tematizirano razdoblje (1918.-2015.) podijeljeno je na više manjih, temeljem značajnih povijesnih prekretnica. Ova poglavlja započinju s uvodom koji je usredotočen na povijest Mađarske i manjinsku politiku Mađarske. U obradi hrvatskoga nakladništva istaknute su najznačajnije svojstvenosti, najvažnija izdanja, nakladnici i autori. U sklopu istraživanja pronađena su izdanja koja do sada nisu bila poznata za užu i širu javnost (npr. list Topol). Posebno poglavlje je posvećeno udžbenicima zbog njihova velikog udjela unutar svih izdanja te zbog dominantnog utjecaja na kolektivne identitete hrvatskih učenika u Mađarskoj. Obradom nakladništva Hrvata u Mađarskoj od 1918. do 2015. dolazimo da zaključaka da je sve do kraja 20. stoljeća ono bilo izrazito pod utjecajem raznih državnih tijela i pojedinaca koji nisu pripadnici zajednice te da je u njima često prisutan sadržaj propagandnog karaktera koji je utjecao na nacionalni identitet čitatelja (naročito kod udžbenika i periodike). Nakon demokratskih promjena nakladništvo Hrvata u Mađarskoj ulazi u autonomno razdoblje u kojemu se kao prvenstveni problem pojavljuje kontinuirani pad broja hrvatskih govornika, dakle hrvatskih čitatelja u Mađarskoj.The paper analyzes almost 100 years of Croatian publishing in Hungary based on the list of Croatian editions compiled as part of this research, which currently contains about 1,100 units. The mentioned list of Croatian editions in Hungary is determined according to three criteria: temporal, spatial (geographical) and the language of the publication (audience as a subcriterion). The process of collecting units is divided into three phases: 1. Review of digital catalogues and collections of state and regional libraries; 2. Results of previous research; 3. "Field" research (data collection in contact with local institutions, individuals). Due to the key role of the printed word in the spread of various collective identities, examples of Croatian publications from Hungary are given in which there is content that can affect the national identity of Croats in Hungary. The chapter showing Croatian publishing during Dualism describes the state of the Croatian written word in the area of today's Hungary in order to notice the differences between the period before and after the First World War. While in the case of many Croatian publications during Dualism these are “bottom-up” initiatives, after the First World War most Croatian publications were issued at the behest of various state institutions (directly or indirectly). During the Hungarian Democratic Republic, various leaflets were used to win over the minority population to the new Hungarian state. The Soviet Republic in Hungary approached the same audience to create a "perfect, classless society of complete equality" (Croatian encyclopedia: s. v. Communism), while the Serbian administration in Baranja propagated the South Slavic / Yugoslav concept in the occupied territories. Archival sources have proved that Hungarian civil servants are behind the Danica calendar and the Topol newspaper, which were published during the time of Governor Miklós Horthy, so their content is in line with the official minority policy of the time. With the advent of the socialist period, apart from a shorter democratic period in the beginning (1945-1988), the propaganda character of minority language publishing may be even more present, initially with a small number of editions, especially monographs, without prayer books and religious content, in the South Slavic language community. It was not until the 1960s or 1970s that the number of units increased, still under the supervision of party bodies, but with an increasingly rich offer of monographs and periodicals with specialized content. With the emergence of democratic processes in the late 1980s and the fall of the Yugoslav idea in Hungary in the early 1990s, Croatian publishing in Hungary became independent and democratized. At the beginning of the 1990s, special Croatian press was unequivocally singled out thanks to Hrvatski glasnik, and new editions appeared that dealt with various aspects of Croats in Hungary. The number of units is by far the largest in that period. However, looking at the trends, the number of monolingual editions is slightly declining, and the number of multilingual editions in which Croatian content is only one of many is steadily growing. By analyzing the number of Croats in Hungary and the influence of the print media on the national identity of the community, the role of textbooks, which make up one third of the total editions, cannot be bypassed. The school systems and textbooks used in them are crucial for the creation of national communities, and the analysis of their content leads to the conclusion that in the first and second periods (1918-1990) they were in the service of the current state authorities, while with the advent of the democratic period a new series of Croatian textbooks is published. However, the fact that History is learned from translated Hungarian textbooks and a certain discrepancy in the case of other subjects shows that the identity content that is conveyed in these textbooks in the 21st century raises countless questions. The creation of a list of Croatian editions according to given criteria and corpus analysis has only paved the way for other researches that would gradually reveal unknown details about the publishing of Croats in Hungary between 1918 and 2015