International audienceThis article evokes the renewals which the exploitation of a judicial documentation was able to bring to the economic history of the Middle Ages, in the particular case of the historiography of the credit. It proceeds in four phases: having redrawn the historiography of the medieval credit until 1980s, it shows how the debt stood out as object of study, then it approaches the teachings that we can pull from judicial documentation. Going back up upstream to the XIIIth century, it suggests reviewing the presence of the debt in the "chartes of franchise".Cet article évoque les renouvellements que l'exploitation d'une documentation judiciaire a pu apporter à l'histoire économique du Moyen Age, à partir du cas particulier d...