Differences in obesity-related physiological responses in the cardiopulmonary exercise test obtained by using multivariate analysis of variance (n = 1,594).

a p ≤ 0.05 vs. Normal weight; b: p ≤ 0.05 vs. Overweight; c: p ≤ 0.05 vs. Obesity Class I; d p ≤ 0.05 vs. Obesity Class II; and e p ≤ 0.05 vs. Obesity Class III. N: normal weight; O: overweight. (A) graphical representation of respiratory pattern; (B) graphical representation of y intercept of respiratory pattern; (C) graphical representation of cardiovascular efficiency; (D) graphical representation of y intercept of cardiovascular efficiency; (E) graphical representation of respiratory efficiency; (F) graphical representation of y intercept of respiratory efficiency. Models adjusted for age, sex, arterial hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and physical inactivity through self-report. : pulmonary oxygen uptake; : carbon dioxide production; : minute ventilation; Vt: tidal volume; Rf: respiratory frequency; HR: heart rate; bpm: beat per minute; : linearized ventilation; OUES: oxygen uptake efficiency slope.